Formula Battle Per Class (Job)

📑 Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Casting Time Formula

3. Attack Speed Formula (ASPD)

4. Skill Damage Formula

5. SP Cost Formula

6. Experience Formula

7. Per-Class Deep Dive

8. Comparison Table

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Introduction

Each class in rAthena has unique formulas for:

• Casting Time - Time to cast magic skills

• ASPD (Attack Speed) - Attack speed

• Skill Damage - Damage produced by skills

• SP Cost - SP cost for skills

• Experience - EXP that can be collected

This documentation explains ALL formulas per class with concrete calculation examples.

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Casting Time Formula

General Cast Time Formula

CastTime = BaseCast × (1 - (DEX×2 + INT) / VCAST_STAT_SCALE)

Where:
- BaseCast = Casting time from skill database (ms)
- DEX = Dexterity stat
- INT = Intelligence stat
- VCAST_STAT_SCALE = 530 (from config, constant)

Minimum Cast Time = 0 (instacast when stat is sufficient)

Config Constants

casting_rate: 100                    # Base casting rate (%)
castrate_dex_scale: 160              # DEX for instacast @ 160 DEX
vcast_stat_scale: 530                # (DEX*2 + INT) = 530 = instacast
delay_dependon_dex: no               # Delay does not depend on DEX
delay_dependon_agi: no               # Delay does not depend on AGI
default_fixed_castrate: 20           # Default fixed cast rate 20%

Casting Time Calculation Examples

Scenario 1: Mage with DEX=100, INT=50

BaseCast = 2000 ms (from skill database)
DEX = 100
INT = 50

CastTime = 2000 × (1 - (100×2 + 50) / 530)
         = 2000 × (1 - 250 / 530)
         = 2000 × (1 - 0.47)
         = 2000 × 0.53
         = 1060 ms

Result: Casting time becomes 1060 ms (from 2000 ms)

Scenario 2: High Wizard with DEX=200, INT=100 (High Investment)

BaseCast = 2000 ms
DEX = 200
INT = 100

CastTime = 2000 × (1 - (200×2 + 100) / 530)
         = 2000 × (1 - 500 / 530)
         = 2000 × (1 - 0.943)
         = 2000 × 0.057
         = 114 ms

Result: ALMOST INSTACAST! (114 ms)

Scenario 3: For Instacast (0 ms casting)

(DEX×2 + INT) ≥ 530

Example:
DEX = 200, INT = 130
(200×2 + 130) = 530 → INSTACAST!

Casting Time Per Class

Class	Stat Focus	Typical DEX	Typical INT	Cast Time (2s skill)	Notes
Mage	INT > DEX	60-80	80-120	1500-1800ms	Hybrid
High Wizard	INT >> DEX	100-150	120-180	500-1200ms	Better cast
Priest	INT > DEX	50-80	80-120	1500-1800ms	Support cast
Wizard	INT > DEX	60-80	80-120	1500-1800ms	Hybrid
Archer	DEX >> INT	100-150	30-50	VERY LONG	Cannot instacast
Hunter/Sniper	DEX >> INT	120-180	30-50	VERY LONG	Pure physical
Swordsman/Knight	STR >> INT	40-60	20-40	VERY LONG	Pure physical
Merchant	STR > INT	50-80	20-40	VERY LONG	Pure physical

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Attack Speed Formula (ASPD)

General ASPD Formula

ASPD = (200 - ASPD_BONUS) × BASE_WEAPON_DELAY / 1000

Where:
- ASPD_BONUS = AGI×4 + DEX×2 + LUK 
  (but there is a cap/limit per weapon)
- BASE_WEAPON_DELAY = Weapon delay (ms)

Simple Formula:
ASPD = 200 / (1 + (AGI / 200))

Typical Range: 100-200 ASPD

ASPD Calculation Example

Scenario: Swordsman with Sword (delay=40ms)

Stats:
AGI = 80
DEX = 60
LUK = 10

ASPD_BONUS = (80×4) + (60×2) + 10
           = 320 + 120 + 10
           = 450

ASPD = (200 - 450) × 40 / 1000
     = (-250) × 40 / 1000
     = Capped at minimum

Or using simple formula:
ASPD = 200 / (1 + (80 / 200))
     = 200 / 1.4
     = 142.8 ASPD

(Attack 142 times per 1000ms = 1 attack per 7ms)

ASPD Per Class

Class	Typical AGI	Typical ASPD	Weapon Type	Notes
Swordsman/Knight	50-80	130-160	1H Sword, Spear	Moderate speed
Merchant/Whitesmith	50-80	130-160	Axe, Sword	Moderate speed
Thief/Assassin	80-130	160-190	Dagger, Sword	FAST
Assassin Cross	100-140	180-200	Dual Dagger	VERY FAST
Archer/Hunter	80-120	160-185	Bow	Ranged speed
Sniper	100-140	180-200	Bow, Gun	VERY FAST
Mage/Wizard	50-70	120-140	None	SLOW
Priest/HP	50-70	120-140	Mace	SLOW

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Skill Damage Formula

Generic Skill Damage Formula

BASE_DAMAGE = (ATK_MIN + random(0, ATK_MAX-ATK_MIN)) + BATK

SKILL_DAMAGE = BASE_DAMAGE × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × ELEMENT_FIX × ... 

Where:
- ATK_MIN = DEX × (80 + WeaponLevel×20) / 100
- ATK_MAX = Weapon ATK
- BATK = Base ATK
- SKILL_MULTIPLIER = Skill damage % from skill database
- ELEMENT_FIX = Element advantage (50%-200%)

Class-Specific Skill Damage

1. Swordsman / Knight (Physical, STR-based)

Formula:
SKILL_DMG = (STR × SKILL_DMG_RATIO + WEAPON_ATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × SIZE_FIX

Where:
- STR = Strength stat
- SKILL_DMG_RATIO = 0.5 - 1.5 (depends on skill)
- WEAPON_ATK = Weapon attack value
- SKILL_MULTIPLIER = Skill % (100% = 100 damage)
- SIZE_FIX = Enemy size modifier (0.75 - 1.0 - 1.25)

Example: Bash Skill (300% damage)
STR = 80, WEAPON_ATK = 150

BASE_DMG = (80 × 1.0 + 150) = 230
SKILL_DMG = 230 × 3.0 × 1.0 = 690 damage

2. Mage / Wizard (Magical, INT-based)

Formula:
SKILL_DMG = (INT × MATK_RATIO + WEAPON_MATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × ELEMENT_FIX

Where:
- INT = Intelligence stat
- MATK_RATIO = 1.5 - 2.0 (INT affects MATK more)
- WEAPON_MATK = Weapon MATK (rod/staff)
- SKILL_MULTIPLIER = Magic skill %
- ELEMENT_FIX = Element advantage (50%-200%)

Example: Fireball (400% damage)
INT = 100, WEAPON_MATK = 100

BASE_MATK = (100 × 1.5 + 100) = 250
SKILL_DMG = 250 × 4.0 × 1.0 (neutral) = 1000 damage
SKILL_DMG = 250 × 4.0 × 2.0 (weak to fire) = 2000 damage!

3. Archer / Hunter / Sniper (Arrow-based, DEX-based)

Formula:
SKILL_DMG = (DEX × 0.8 + WEAPON_ATK + ARROW_ATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × RANGE_FIX

Where:
- DEX = Dexterity stat
- WEAPON_ATK = Bow attack
- ARROW_ATK = Arrow bonus
- SKILL_MULTIPLIER = Arrow skill %
- RANGE_FIX = Range distance modifier

Example: Arrow Shower (350% damage)
DEX = 120, WEAPON_ATK = 180, ARROW_ATK = 20

BASE_DMG = (120 × 0.8 + 180 + 20) = 296
SKILL_DMG = 296 × 3.5 × 1.0 = 1036 damage

4. Thief / Assassin / Assassin Cross (Physical, Dual-wield + Critical)

Formula:
SKILL_DMG = (STR × 0.8 + DEX × 0.5 + WEAPON_ATK×2) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × CRIT_BONUS

Where:
- STR & DEX = Dual stat requirement
- WEAPON_ATK×2 = Dual weapon bonus
- SKILL_MULTIPLIER = Skill %
- CRIT_BONUS = 1.0 - 1.4 (if critical)

Example: Sonic Blow (400% × multi-hit)
STR = 70, DEX = 80, WEAPON_ATK (dual) = 100+100

BASE_DMG = (70×0.8 + 80×0.5 + 200) = 276
SKILL_DMG = 276 × 4.0 × 1.0 = 1104 damage per hit
(Sonic Blow = 8 hits → total 8832 damage)

5. Acolyte / Priest / High Priest (Hybrid: Magic + Physical)

Formula (for Heal):
HEAL = (INT × 1.5 + WEAPON_MATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER

Formula (for Damage):
SKILL_DMG = (INT × 1.0 + STR × 0.5) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER

Example: Heal (500% of INT)
INT = 90, WEAPON_MATK = 60

HEAL = (90 × 1.5 + 60) × 5.0 = 1950 HP healed

6. Merchant / Blacksmith / Whitesmith (Physical + Special bonus)

Formula:
SKILL_DMG = (STR × 1.0 + DEX × 0.3 + WEAPON_ATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × FORGE_BONUS

Where:
- FORGE_BONUS = Blacksmith unique bonus (if any)

Example: Power Thrust (150% damage)
STR = 85, DEX = 60, WEAPON_ATK = 160

BASE_DMG = (85 × 1.0 + 60×0.3 + 160) = 283
SKILL_DMG = 283 × 1.5 = 424 damage

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SP Cost Formula

General SP Cost Formula

SP_COST = BASE_SP_COST × (1 - (SKILL_LEVEL - 1) × 0.05)

Where:
- BASE_SP_COST = SP from skill database
- SKILL_LEVEL = Skill level (1-10)

Or with bonus:
SP_COST = BASE_SP_COST × (1 - BONUS_SP_REDUCTION / 100)

Bonus SP Reduction can come from:
- Equipment bonus (bSkillUseSpRate)
- Status effect bonus
- Job-specific bonus

SP Cost Examples Per Class

Mage/Wizard (Magic Skill)

Fireball Level 5: 35 SP
- Base: 50 SP
- With INT bonus staff: 50 × (1 - 20%) = 40 SP
- With skill reduction bonus: 50 × (1 - 30%) = 35 SP

Priest (Heal)

Heal Level 10: 70 SP
- Base: 120 SP level 1
- Decreases 12 SP per level
- Level 10: 120 - (12×9) = 12 SP... WRONG

Actual formula: 
SP = 30 + (5 × Level)
Level 10: 30 + 50 = 80 SP

Archer (Arrow Skills)

Arrow Shower: 15 SP
- Base: 15 SP (fixed)
- Can be reduced with SP reduction bonus

Aimed Shot: 10 SP per shot

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Experience Formula

General EXP Formula

BASE_EXP = (MONSTER_LEVEL × 10 + 100) × 2

JOB_EXP = (MONSTER_LEVEL × 10 + 100) × 1.5

With Modifier:
FINAL_EXP = BASE_EXP × (base_exp_rate / 100) × MOB_EXP_RATE × GROUP_BONUS

Where:
- MONSTER_LEVEL = Monster level
- base_exp_rate = Config rate (100 = 1x)
- MOB_EXP_RATE = From mob_db (1.0-5.0 typically)
- GROUP_BONUS = Bonus if party (1.0-1.25)

EXP Rate Per Class

All classes receive the same EXP from monsters. Differences occur from:

1. Efficiency - Kill speed

2. Group Bonus - Party multiplier

3. Field Bonuses - Zone-specific bonuses

EXP Calculation Examples

Monster: Poring (Level 1)

BASE_EXP = (1 × 10 + 100) × 2 = 220
JOB_EXP = (1 × 10 + 100) × 1.5 = 165

With 100x rate:
FINAL_BASE_EXP = 220 × 100 = 22,000 EXP
FINAL_JOB_EXP = 165 × 100 = 16,500 EXP

With 3-person party:
GROUP_BONUS = 1.10
FINAL_BASE_EXP = 22,000 × 1.10 = 24,200 EXP

Monster: Andres (Level 20)

BASE_EXP = (20 × 10 + 100) × 2 = 600
JOB_EXP = (20 × 10 + 100) × 1.5 = 450

With 100x rate:
FINAL_BASE_EXP = 600 × 100 = 60,000 EXP
FINAL_JOB_EXP = 450 × 100 = 45,000 EXP

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Per-Class Deep Dive

1. 🗡️ SWORDSMAN / KNIGHT / LORD KNIGHT

Key Stats:

• Primary: STR, VIT

• Secondary: AGI, DEX

• Weak Point: INT (low magic defense)

Casting:

• Cannot cast magic (INT too low)

• Skill delay depends on AGI

Damage Formula:

Physical_Damage = (STR×0.8 + DEX×0.5 + WEAPON_ATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER

Example Stats: STR=90, DEX=60, WEAPON=150, Bash (300%)
Damage = (90×0.8 + 60×0.5 + 150) × 3.0
       = (72 + 30 + 150) × 3.0
       = 252 × 3.0
       = 756 damage

Skill Specialty:

• Bash - Single target physical

• Magnum Break - AoE fire attack

• Parry - Defense skill

• Twohand Sword - Dual wielding bonus

ASPD:

Average ASPD: 140-160
With 2H Sword: 130-150 (slower but more damage)
With Dual Sword: 160-180 (faster but less damage per hit)

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2. 🔥 MAGE / WIZARD / HIGH WIZARD

Key Stats:

• Primary: INT, VIT

• Secondary: DEX

• Weak Point: STR, AGI (physical defense low, move slow)

Casting:

Formula: CastTime = BaseCast × (1 - (DEX×2 + INT) / 530)

Example: INT=120, DEX=80
CastTime (2s) = 2000 × (1 - (160+120)/530)
              = 2000 × (1 - 280/530)
              = 2000 × 0.47
              = 940ms ✓ Good!

High Wizard Target: INT=150, DEX=120
CastTime = 2000 × (1 - (240+150)/530)
         = 2000 × (1 - 390/530)
         = 2000 × 0.265
         = 530ms ✓ Very Good!

Damage Formula:

Magic_Damage = (INT×1.5 + STAFF_MATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × ELEMENT_FIX

Example Stats: INT=120, MATK=100, Fireball (400%)
Damage = (120×1.5 + 100) × 4.0 × 1.0 (neutral)
       = (180 + 100) × 4.0
       = 280 × 4.0
       = 1120 damage

vs Fire-Weak Enemy (×2.0):
Damage = 280 × 4.0 × 2.0 = 2240 damage!

ASPD:

Average ASPD: 100-120 (SLOWEST class)
"ASPD doesn't matter" - Wizard uses cooldown not ASPD

Skill Specialty:

• Fireball - Single target fire damage

• Storm Gust - AoE ice damage, freeze

• Frost Diver - Freeze skill

• Lightning Bolt - Single target

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3. 🏹 ARCHER / HUNTER / SNIPER

Key Stats:

• Primary: DEX, AGI

• Secondary: STR

• Weak Point: INT, VIT (magic defense + HP low)

Casting:

Cannot cast magic (INT too low)
Skill delay on AGI:
Delay = (Base_Delay) × (1 - AGI/200)

Damage Formula:

Arrow_Damage = (DEX×1.0 + WEAPON_ATK + ARROW_ATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER

Example Stats: DEX=130, BOW_ATK=120, ARROW_ATK=15, Arrow Shower (350%)
Damage = (130×1.0 + 120 + 15) × 3.5
       = 265 × 3.5
       = 927 damage

With Critical Bonus (×1.4):
Damage = 927 × 1.4 = 1297 damage

ASPD:

Average ASPD: 160-190 (FASTEST pure physical)

With AGI=130, DEX=100:
ASPD = 200 / (1 + 130/200) = 200 / 1.65 = 121 (actual)
But arrow speed is affected by different formula

Sniper ASPD: 180-200+ (Very fast)

Skill Specialty:

• Arrow Shower - AoE physical

• Aimed Shot - High damage single

• Traps - Utility damage

• Ankle Snare - Immobilize

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4. ⛪ ACOLYTE / PRIEST / HIGH PRIEST

Key Stats:

• Primary: INT, VIT

• Secondary: DEX, LUK

• Weak Point: STR, AGI (very weak physical)

Casting:

Similar to Wizard:
CastTime = BaseCast × (1 - (DEX×2 + INT) / 530)

Priest Example: INT=100, DEX=60
CastTime (1.5s) = 1500 × (1 - (120+100)/530)
                = 1500 × (1 - 220/530)
                = 1500 × 0.58
                = 870ms ✓ Good

Healing Formula:

Heal = (INT×1.5 + STAFF_MATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER

Example Stats: INT=110, MATK=80, Heal Lv10 (500%)
Heal = (110×1.5 + 80) × 5.0
     = (165 + 80) × 5.0
     = 245 × 5.0
     = 1225 HP healed!

Priest vs Undead (Undead Healing):
Heal deals damage instead (×2.0 damage)

Damage Formula:

Holy_Damage = (INT×1.2 + STAFF_MATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × ELEMENT_FIX

Holy Attack deals extra damage vs Undead/Demon (×1.5-2.0)

ASPD:

Average ASPD: 100-120 (Very slow)
Not important for support class

Skill Specialty:

• Heal - HP recovery

• Resurrection - Revive

• Magnus Exorcismus - Holy AoE, extra vs undead

• Turn Undead - Special vs undead only

• Blessing - Buff spell

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5. 💰 MERCHANT / BLACKSMITH / WHITESMITH

Key Stats:

• Primary: STR, VIT

• Secondary: AGI, DEX

• Weak Point: INT (no magic)

Casting:

Cannot cast magic
Pure physical class

Damage Formula:

Craft_Damage = (STR×0.9 + WEAPON_ATK) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × CRAFT_BONUS

Example Stats: STR=95, AXE_ATK=140, Power Thrust (150%)
Damage = (95×0.9 + 140) × 1.5
       = (85.5 + 140) × 1.5
       = 225.5 × 1.5
       = 338 damage

ASPD:

Average ASPD: 130-160
Dual Axe: 150-170

Skill Specialty:

• Mammonite - High single target (Blacksmith)

• Power Thrust - Buff + damage

• Weaponry Research - ATK bonus

• Manufacturing - Production skill

• Acid Demonstration - Equipment break (Whitesmith)

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6. 🗡️⚫ THIEF / ASSASSIN / ASSASSIN CROSS

Key Stats:

• Primary: DEX, AGI

• Secondary: STR, LUK

• Weak Point: INT, VIT (glass cannon)

Casting:

Cannot cast magic
Pure physical

Damage Formula:

Dual_Weapon_Damage = (STR×0.7 + DEX×0.8 + (WEAPON_ATK×2)) × SKILL_MULTIPLIER × CRIT_BONUS

Example Stats: STR=70, DEX=100, DAGGER(Dual)=80+80, Sonic Blow (400% × 8hits)
Damage per hit = (70×0.7 + 100×0.8 + 160) × 4.0
               = (49 + 80 + 160) × 4.0
               = 289 × 4.0
               = 1156 damage/hit

Total (8 hits): 9248 damage!

With Critical (×1.4):
Per hit = 1156 × 1.4 = 1618 damage
Total = 12,944 damage!!!

ASPD:

Average ASPD: 170-200+ (FASTEST)

Assassin Cross: 190-210 (Insane speed)
Combo attack every hit

Skill Specialty:

• Sonic Blow - Multi-hit physical (8 hits!)

• Back Stab - Critical/backstab

• Venom Knife - Poison damage

• Dancing Blade - AoE physical

• Assassination - High single target

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Comparison Table

📊 Class Comparison Matrix

Aspect	Swordsman	Mage	Archer	Acolyte	Merchant	Thief
Cast Time	N/A	500-1500ms	N/A	800-1500ms	N/A	N/A
ASPD	140-160	100-120	160-190	100-120	130-160	170-200+
Damage Type	Physical	Magic	Physical/Arrow	Magic/Holy	Physical	Physical
Single Target DMG	Medium-High	High	High	Low	Medium-High	VERY HIGH
AoE DMG	Medium	High	High	Medium	Medium	Medium
Survivability	Very High	Medium	Low	High	Very High	Low
Mobility	Medium	Low	Medium	Low	Medium	HIGH
Complexity	Medium	High	Medium	Medium	Low	High
Party Value	High	High	High	VERY HIGH	Medium	High

💪 Damage Per Second Comparison

Base Stats Level 50:

• All have 200 Base HP/MP

• All equipped with level-appropriate gear

Class	Typical DPS	Peak DPS	Sustained
Swordsman	500-700	1000+	Medium
Mage	400-600	1500+	High (with cooldown)
Archer	600-800	1200+	High
Acolyte	200-300	800+ (damage)	Support
Merchant	500-700	1000+	Medium
Thief	700-1000	2000+	HIGH

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Formula Summary Table

🔢 Mathematical Formulas Quick Reference

Formula	Equation	Usage
Cast Time	BaseCast × (1 - (DEX×2 + INT) / 530)	Magic skills
ASPD	200 / (1 + AGI/200)	Attack speed
Physical DMG	(STR×ratio + WEAPON_ATK) × SKILL_MULT × SIZE_FIX	Physical skills
Magic DMG	(INT×ratio + MATK) × SKILL_MULT × ELE_FIX	Magic skills
Heal	(INT×1.5 + MATK) × SKILL_MULT	Healing
DEF Reduction	DAMAGE × (100 - DEF) / 100	Defense calc
MDEF Reduction	DAMAGE × (100 - MDEF) / 100	Mag defense calc
Base EXP	(MOB_LV × 10 + 100) × 2 × rate / 100	Experience
SP Cost	BASE_SP × (1 - reduction / 100)	Skill cost
Critical DMG	BASE_DMG × 1.4	Critical bonus (Renewal)

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Config Constants Reference

Skill Configuration Constants

casting_rate: 100                    # Base cast rate
castrate_dex_scale: 160              # DEX for instacast
vcast_stat_scale: 530                # Variable cast scale
default_fixed_castrate: 20           # Fixed cast portion (%)
delay_dependon_dex: no               # Delay on DEX
delay_dependon_agi: no               # Delay on AGI
skill_amotion_leniency: 0            # ASPD at end

Battle Configuration Constants

enable_baseatk: 0x9                  # Who has BATK (0x1=PC, 0x2=Mob)
enable_baseatk_renewal: 0x29F        # Renewal BATK
min_hitrate: 5                       # 5% minimum hit
max_hitrate: 100                     # 100% maximum hit
weapon_defense_type: 0               # DEF calc type (0=%, 1=sub)
magic_defense_type: 0                # MDEF calc type

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Key Takeaways

✅ Casting Time - Only for Mage/Wizard/Acolyte (INT-based) ✅ ASPD - AGI stat, all classes affected ✅ Damage - Varies based on class stat focus (STR/INT/DEX) ✅ SP Cost - From skill database, can be reduced with bonus ✅ EXP - Same for all classes, differs in efficiency

Most Important:

1. Mage: Cast Time & Damage

2. Thief: ASPD & Critical

3. Archer: DEX & ASPD

4. Priest: INT & Healing Power

5. Swordsman: STR & VIT

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Last Updated: 2024-2025 Format: Wiki Player Guide - Formula Reference